Fiber Optic Systems

About SAMM Teknoloji

Fiber Optic Cable Manufacturer

Being a Turkish fiber optic cable manufacturer and an efficient supplier for Europe, Asia and America, SAMM Teknoloji joined the global market with very high potential. SAMM designs and manufactures a wide variety of fiber optic cable types optimized for fixed or mobile networks that can be used in indoor and outdoor environments. SAMM offers reliable, cost-effective optical products to meet the needs of customers with innovative products developed and tested in accordance with international standards.

Fiber Optic Assemblies Producer

As a fiber optic cable assemblies producer and supplier in Turkey and an optical assemblies supplier for Europe and Asia, SAMM Teknoloji has been providing high-quality and reliable fiber optic cable assemblies since 2006. Due to our fully equipped production facilities, laboratories and long-term expertise in fiber optics, we are able to produce a first class fiber optic assemblies portfolio that ensure the highest level reliability. Therefore, one of the main priority is the ongoing expansion and advancement of the manufacturing capabilities.

Data Center Solutions Producer

As a Turkish producer of future-ready fiber optic data center equipment, SAMM Teknoloji produces UHD ultra high density MTP/MPO panels and cassettes, modular panels and cabling raceways. SAMM Teknoloji has also kept pace with the accelerating spread of Cloud Computing, which has increased the need for mega Data Centers. SAMM provides Data Center solutions and products that suit all structures with high data storage density, data traffic and data security.

What is Fiber Optic Cable

A fiber optic cable contains one or multiple optic fibers that are coated by several protective layers and are used to transfer light signals. The main purpose of fiber optic cables is speed and bandwidth because light signals can transfer a huge amount of data in less time, compared to copper netowork cables, which transfer electrical signals.

Optic fibers consist of glass or plastic cores in cladding tubes made of the same material; together, the core and the cladding tube are as thin as a human hair and the core is extremely clear that light signals can be perfectly transferred through it. A fiber optic core cannot possibly be handled on its own, which is why it is always surrounded by a color coded buffer tube. These optic fibers are usually reinforced by a strength element layer made of glass fibers or Kevlar, which is always covered by a protective color coded outer sheath jacket.

The type and quantity of fibers; in addition to the type of core, cladding, strength element and outer protective sheath jacket; differ from one cable type to another; depending on usage, distance and the surrounding environment where the cable is meant to be installed. Hence, there are many types of fiber optic cables for various installation areas like indoor, outdoor, underground or aerial overhead.

What are Fiber Optic Cables Used For?

Fiber optic cables can directly connect two devices but they are usually used to connect between networks through patch panels and communication equipment. Fiber optic cables are used in numerous applications that require a wide bandwidth connection to transfer audio, video and data almost instantly. They were first used for military, government and broadcast applications but they have become very common in commercial, industrial and even residential internet providing applications. Applications of fiber optic cables are limitless and here are some examples:

Closed circuit television systems
Data transmission
LAN & WAN and multimedia applications
Connection between power plants
Connecting active network devices at high speeds at long distances
Advertising panels
Medical devices
Nuclear power plants where radioactive rays can affect electronic signals
Point-to-point security applications where electrical noise is present

A fiber optic cable usually consists of four elements: light transferring fibers, inner protective acrylic coating tubes, a purposefully constructed strength element layer and a protective outer sheath jacket.

First, the fibers are the inner and the actual effectual element in a fiber optic cable. Although the inner optic fibers are micrometers thin they consist of three layers on their own. The center core is the actual medium through which the light is transferred, and it has precisely selected characteristics to be extremely clear and efficient. Every optic fiber core has a cladding that provides a lower refractive index and ensures the light is reflected and kept inside the core. The cladding layer is always stuck to optic core and they cannot be separated by any hand tool. On the other hand, the third acrylic buffer layer of an optic fiber can be removed and it serves the purpose of basic protection and support and does not contribute to the light transfer process. In addition to that, the acrylic buffer is usually color coded to provide easier handling of multiple fiber optic cables, which might contain hundreds of fibers depending on the purpose of the cable.

Second, the middle coating buffer tube is inner protective layer, which can be a single loose tube that contains all the optic fibers loosely inside of it like outdoor highly resistant fiber optic cables, or can be multiple buffer tubes that contain and protect each fiber individually like indoor high performance fiber optic cables. In multiple fiber tight buffer cables, the buffer tubes with the fibers inside them are wrapped is a specific pattern around an inner supportive core element, in an SZ layout to provide equal distribution and easy access of fibers.

The third element of a fiber optic cable is the strength element. The strength element has a lot of material options like braids of Kevlar or glass fiber or a metal armor, non-metal armor or gel; and has layout variations of grouping the fiber inner buffer tubes in single shells or multi-shells. The strength element layer determines the tension support of the cable and flexibility, and it is used to determine the built of the fiber optic cable; whether it is tight, semi-tight, loose, armored or water resistant.

The fourth outer layer of fiber optic cables it the outer protective sheath jacket. It mainly protects the fiber optic cable from the conditions of the surrounding environment. If the cable is made for outdoor usage it can be resistant to UV sun rays, water, pressure and tension; and if it was made for indoor usage it is usually very reflexive and has a high performance.

These four elements that establish one fiber optic cable may be a bit different from one cable type to another, from one manufacturer to another and they are different also according the type of the intended termination point or connector of the fiber optic cable; which means the possibilities with fiber optic cables is limitless and live up to the hype and connection speeds they are made for.

What Are The Core Dimensions Of An Optic Fiber?

Because the core and cladding are always together as one unit, the measurement standard is always determined by the diameter value of both elements as a ratio in micro meters The main core and cladding standards are 62.5/125μm or 50/125μm for multi-mode fibers and 9/125μm for single-mode fibers. The outer acrylic is variable and the manufacturer can choose its thickness and color. The below illustration demonstrates a section of one fiber of all three standards.

Fiber Optic Core Types

As mentioned above, there are two types of optic fibers according to the number of simultaneous signals, Multi-mode and Single-mode.

Multi-mode optic fibers have 125μm of cladding around a 50μm or 62.5μm core. This inner core diameter is relatively big enough for light to travel through it in multiple line spreads at the same time and in various reflection angles. Because the light in Multi-mode fibers is reflected or refracted millions of times, before it reaches the end of the fiber, the distance it travels is actually longer than the fiber itself and causes a delay in delivery, which is called ‘Dispersion’.

Single-Mode optic fibers have the same cladding diameter 125μm but have a very tiny 9μm core. This extremely thin core allows the transmission of only one spread line of light, which means a Single-mode fiber is a single path that allows only one light beam to travel through it. However, because the core is very thin the light travels in it with virtually no refraction angles, which means the distance the light travels in it is the same length of the actual fiber and arrives quicker than in Multi-mode fibers and with less dispersion delay.

Multi-Mode Fiber

Multi-mode fibers have two main standards according to the diameter of the layers (core, cladding, buffer) like this: first there is the 62.5/125/250micron and second there is the 50/125/250micron; and the most suitable wavelength to transmit infrared laser beams through them is between 850 and 1300 nanometers.

On the other hand, the production cost of Multi-mode fibers is more convenient than Single-mode, however they have a relatively higher light signal loss than Single-mode cabling. For all these factors, Multi-mode fiber optic cables are usually preferred for data transmission in “Local Area Networks” where the connections are multiple, the distance is short and end user handling is accounted for.

In addition, Multi-mode fiber-optic cables do not need high-precision connectors because the relatively larger core diameter allows for a larger margin of error. Hence, Multi-mode connectors, equipment, LED light sources, and sensors are usually more economical and practical.

Multimode optic fibers can also be divided into two groups, according to the light signal index structure, the Step-index Multi-mode fiber and the Graded-index Multi-mode fiber.

What is Step-Index Multi-Mode Fiber?

Step-index optic fiber has a core with one unified density and one simple refraction index degree that contrasts with the density and the refraction degree of the cladding, thus when light beams travel through a Step-index optic fiber core, they travel in straight lines inside the core and get reflected each time they hit the inner wall of the fiber cladding; in other words, light beams travels through Step-index fibers in a zigzag motion. That is why the fiber core is relatively wider, which allows many light beams to be pushed into first end opening at many variant angles. However, if the light is beamed into the core in an angle higher than the critical reflection angle the light beam does not get reflected by the cladding but rather refracted and goes through the cladding to hit the inner wall of the buffer layer and gets lost completely.

In addition, because the light beams can enter the Step-index Multi-mode fiber at variant angles the total travel distance is different from one to another and the end delivery Dispersion delay is long and rather variable. Step-Index Multi-Mode can transfer data at bandwidth that rates from 10 to 50 MHz/Km.

What is Graded-Index Multi-Mode Fiber?

Graded-index optic fiber has a core with multiple layers within it each layer has a slightly different density and refraction index degree. A Graded-index fiber core has 50 to 400 layers, the inner density and refraction index degree is lowest at the center and highest at the edge of the core; the density increases with each layer from the center to the outer layers, and the refraction index degree increases in the same manner. That is why when a light beam travels through a Graded optic fiber core, it gets refracted multiple times with in the core itself, and travels in a symmetrical wavy line inside the core and may not even reach the inner wall of the fiber cladding depending on the angle, at which it enters the core. That is why the fiber core is relatively wider, which allows many light beams to be pushed into first end opening at many variant angles. However, if the light is beamed into the core in an angle higher than the critical reflection angle the light beam does not get reflected by the cladding but rather refracted and goes through the cladding to hit the inner wall of the buffer layer and gets lost completely.

On the other hand, although light beams can enter the Graded-index Multi-mode fiber core at variant angles, the all meet at node points in the middle with each wave. In addition, due to the symmetrical waves of light the Dispersion delay is not very long and its value varies in a small common range. Consequently, Graded-Index Multi-Mode fibers can transfer data at bandwidths that range from 200-300 MHz/Km to 5-6 GHz/Km, which is extremely higher than Step-index fiber.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Multi-Mode Fiber?

Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Advantages	Multi-Mode Fiber Optic Disadvantages
Due to the larger core diameter the fiber ends are more easily aligned during fiber termination, which provides shorter termination times.	Due to their limited speed, they are particularly preferred for large-scale applications.
The connectors, components and active elements used are more economical than Single-mode ones.	Multi-mode cables are thicker and their prices are twice as expensive as single-mode cables.
Cheaper LEDs light sources and sensors are used for light transfer.	Access distances are very short compared to Single-mode cabling.

What are Multi-Mode Fiber Types?

Multi-mode fibers were first used without any standard, each manufacture had different diameters and different connectors, Multi-mode fiber was optimized differently for different networks and different light sources.

In the 80s, the telecommunication industry unified the standard and everyone started focusing on the 62.5/125μm Multi-mode fiber standard and the 50/125μm was only used for radio telecommunications instead of Single-mode fiber. Later, the 62.5/125μm standard was called OM1, and it was only capable of 100 Mb/s bandwidth for a distance of 300 meters.

In the 90s the OM2 50/125μm standard was reintroduced with a higher 1 Gb/s bandwidth and a maximum distance of 600 meters. Then in 2002 the OM3 emerged, allowing the first 10Gb/s fiber optic networks but for only 300m distance.

Then, in 2009, the OM4 standard started to be used, at first it improved the distance over the OM3 to be 400m at 10Gb/s but then it got upgraded to transfer at 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s but for a distance around 100-150m. OM4 and OM3 stayed the main standards for years, especially for data center applications.

Finally, the OM5, which started in 2014 but was not officially a standard until 2016, was created to be more economical solution than the OM4 and introduced multiple channels in one fiber.

OM1

Orange color
Core Size – 62.5um
Data Rate – 1GB @ 850nm
Distance – up to 300 meters
Apps – Short-haul Networks, Local Area Networks, and Private Networks
62.5 / 125 Multi-Mode Fiber Cable

OM2

Orange color
Core Size – 50um
Data Rate – 1GB @ 850nm
Distance – up to 600 meters
Usually used for shorter distances
2x Distance Capacity of OM1
Apps – Short-haul Networks, Local Area Networks, and Private Networks
OM2 Fiber Optic Multi-Mode Cable

OM3 – Optimized Multi-Mode with Laser

Color – Turquoise
Core Size – 50um
Data Rate – 10GB @ 850nm
Distance – up to 300 meters
Uses less speed mode, providing increased speeds
Can run up to 100GB of 40GB or 100GB using the MPO connector
Applications – Larger Private Networks
10Gigabit Laser Optimize OM3 Fiber Optic Cabling

OM4 – Optimized Multi-Mode with Laser

Color – Violet
Core Size – 50um
10Gb / 40Gb / 100Gb
Distance and Data rate: 400m @10Gb / 150m @40Gb / 150m @100Gb
Up to 150GB up to 100 meters using the MPO connector
Applications – High Speed Networks – Data Centers, Financial Centers and Corporate Campuses
OM4 50μ-Multi-Mode 10Giga / 550m Optimized Cables

What is OM5

Basically, the OM5 is made for 40Gb/s and 100Gb/s bandwidth; however, it uses multiple wavelengths (850nm, 880nm, 910nm, and 940nm) and uses a new technology called SWDM (shortwave wavelength division multiplexing). This technology allows the optic fiber to have multiple channels within the same core distribute the bandwidth up to four connections. This means that one OM5 40Gb/s cable acts as 4 separate cables with the speed of 10Gb/s and one OM5 100Gb/s can be used as four 25Gb/s cables. This improvement reduced the cost of data center equipment and cabling, especially that is compatible with OM3 and OM4; and it introduced a new generation with multiple numbers of connections in one cable.

OM4 and OM5: What’s the Difference?

First OM4 is meant to work with only 850nm and OM5 be used with 4 wavelengths (850nm, 880nm, 910nm, and 940nm). OM5 can use SWDM4 technology, which allows multiple laser channels with different wavelengths to be transferred through one fiber at the same time. SWDM4 technology can be applied on OM4, however it is not as optimized as the OM5 which can achieve 500m at 40G/s. The table blow demonstrates the differences in bandwidth and distance of OM4 and OM5.

Fiber Type	OM4	OM5
10GbE	400 m	400 m
40GbE	150 m	150 m
100GbE	150 m	150 m
40G-SWDM4	400 m	500 m

Single-Mode Fiber

A Single-mode optic fiber a regular cladding with 125μm diameter but has an extremely thin (8 to 10 μm) core, which transfers light beams on the same path. The light signal in Single-mode fiber gets slightly reflected along the fiber, only to stay aligned within the core. This means that the light travels a distance almost identical to the length of the fiber, with almost no dispersion delay and very low attenuation.

Since there is only one light mode, the core material is the main variable that changes the level of dispersion and keep high bandwidth, which can reach 100 TeraHz/Km. If a fiber cable has multiple Single-mode fibers the light signals travel through them and reach the end at almost the same time.

In addition, Single-mode fibers use longer wavelengths; from 1310 to 1650 nm, and have low propagation loss and almost no dispersion. Because the low loss and longer wavelength, single mode fibers provide high transmission rates with up to 50 times more distance than Multi-mode fiber.

What are the Advantages and Disadvantages of Single-Mode Fiber?

Single-Mode Fiber Optic Advantages	Single-Mode Fiber Optic Disadvantages
Can be used for very long access system distances, up to 100 km.	Because of the smaller core diameter, Single-mode fiber manufacture need more time an effort.
It supports high bandwidths and high speeds up to 10Gbps for about 10Km.	Because it has a small core diameter, Single-mode connectors and pigtail cords are very expensive.
The price of a Single-mode fiber cable is half the price of a Multi-Mode cable.	Single-mode requires more expensive laser diodes rather than LEDs.
High performance over long distances makes it the only choice for fiber network distribution.	Single-mode fiber active equipment, accessories and conversion devices are very expensive.

What are the types of Single-Mode Fiber?

The ITU (International Telecommunication Union) has classified many types of Single-mode fiber, since it was firstly used, according to many factors. What differentiates an optic fiber from another is the attenuation (fading) of a light pulse through the fiber; the highest bend limit before light pulses start to be dispersed; the PMD Polarization Mode Dispersion, which may occur when one Single-mode fiber is used to transfer two alternating signals and finally the water peak, which is the increase in attenuation after contamination of hydroxyl (OH) ions during the manufacture process.

Since there is only a single mode, there is no problem with pattern dispersion and the choice of material can reduce chromatic dispersion which increases the bandwidth but is limited to about 100,000 gigahertz. Single-mode fiber has a core diameter of 8-10 microns, specified as the “mode field diameter”, the effective size of the core and a cladding diameter of 125 microns. Erbium-doped single-mode fibers are used in fiber amplifiers, devices used in very long-distance networks to regenerate signals. The fibers are optimized for bandwidth at wavelengths suitable for DWDM systems or to reverse chromatic dispersion. This is an area of active fiber development. The cable types developed in this area are as follows

G.652

G.652 is an NDSF (non-dispersion-shifted fiber), and it was the most common standard in the 1980s. G.652 is optimized for 1310nm wavelength, and it has a low water peak specifically reduced for 1400nm wavelength. Because G.652 fiber is the oldest, it has four different types:

G.652A
Attenuation	0.5/0.4	dB 1310/1550nm
Macrobend	0.5 dB	1550nm
PMD	0.5 ps/sqrt(km)

G.652B
Attenuation	0.4/0.35/0.4 dB	1310/1550/1625nm
Macrobend	0.5 dB	1625nm
PMD	0.2 ps/sqrt(km)

G.652C
Attenuation	0.4 dB	1310-1625nm
	0.3 dB	1383/1550nm
	0.4 dB	1310nm after hydrogen aging
Macrobend	0.5 dB	1625nm
PMD	0.5 ps/sqrt(km)

G.652D
Attenuation	0.4 dB	1310-1625nm
	0.3 dB	1383/1550nm
	0.4 dB	1310nm after hydrogen aging
Macrobend	0.5 dB	1625nm
PMD	0.2 ps/sqrt(km)

G.653

G.653 Single-mode fiber is dispersion-shifted, to minimize dispersion and attenuation at 1550nm wavelength. This technique allows the production of fiber optic cables with longer capabilities.

G.654

Single-mode G.654 fiber has zero-dispersion at 1300nm wavelength, cut-off shifted and loss minimized at 1550nm and optimized for use with wavelength around 1600nm

G.655

Single-mode G.655 fiber is classified as NZ-DSF (nonzero dispersion-shifted fiber), which has dispersion characteristics that suppress the growth of four-wave mixing, when using wavelength division multiplexing WDM systems. In addition, G.655 NZ-DSF fiber supports high-power signals and longer distances, as well as closely spaced DWDM (dense WDM) channels at rates of 10 Gbits/sec or higher. G.655 is optimized for WDM and long-distance cable runs such as transoceanic cables.

G.656

G.656 adds special characteristics to Single-fiber to achieve non-zero dispersion for wideband optical transfer.

G.657

G.657 adds bend-insensitive characteristics to Single-mode fibers.

Flexible single mode fiber
G.657.A1 (minimum 10.0 mm radius)
G.657.A2 (minimum 7,5 mm radius)
G.657.B2 (minimum 7,5 mm radius)
G.657.B3 (minimum 5.0 mm radius)

Fiber Types and General Properties

Table of Optic Fiber Types and General Properties (OM / OS refers to TIA types, B refers to IEC types, G refers to ITU types)
Core/Cladding	Attenuation	Bandwidth	Applications/Notes
Multi-Mode Step-Index
	@ 850/1300nm	@ 850/1300nm
50/125 micron (OM2, G.651.1)	3/1 dB/km	500/500 MHz/km	GB Rated
50/125 micron (OM3, G.651. 1)	2.5/0.8 dB/km	1500/500 MHz/km	Optimized for 850nm VCSEL
50/125 micron (OM4, G.651.1 )	2.5/0.8 dB/km	3500/500 MHz/km	Optimized for 850nm VCSEL, higher speed
50/125 micron (OM5)	2.5/0.8 dB/km	3500/500 MHz/km	Broadband MMF for WDM 850/950nm VCSEL at higher speed
62.5 / 125 micron (OM1)	3/1 dB/km	160/200/500 MHz/km	Local network fiber
100/140 micron	3/1 dB/km	150/300 MHz/km	Old
Single-Mode
	@ 1310/1550nm *
9/125 micron ( OS1 B1.1 or G.652 )	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	The most common single fiber for Telem / CATV / high-speed local area network. OS1 is the name of TIA-568 for SM fiber cable for building use with higher attenuation – 1dB / km. All SM fiber looks like low water peak fiber.
9/125 micron ( OS2 B1.2 or G.652 )	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	Low water peak fiber. OS2 is a name of TIA-568 for wired SM fiber for outdoor use.
9/125 micron (B2 or G.653 )	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	Distributed slip fiber
9/125 micron (B1.2 or G.654 )	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	Cut-off and shifted fiber
9/125 micron (B4 or G.655 )	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	Non-zero dispersion-shifted fiber
9/125 micron (G.657)	0,4 / 0,25dB / km	HIGH!~ 100Terahertz	Corrosion-free fiber
Multi-Mode Step-Index
	@ 850nm	@ 850nm
200/240 micron	4/6 dB/km	50 MHz/km	LAN and Slow connections

Fiber Optical Cable Coating Materials

The fiber optic cable coating material is specific according to the required application. The built material affects mechanical support, UV radiation resistance, oil resistance, etc. In the beginning fiber optic cables had outer coating made of PVC, however it has started to be replaced by halogen-free alternatives, to meet the constantly developed health and safety regulations.

Material	Halogen-free	UV Resistance	Description
LSFH Polymer	Yes	Low	Good for indoor use
Polyethylene (PE)	Yes	Yes	Good for outdoor applications
Polyurethane (PUR)	Yes	Yes	Extremely flexible cable
PBT	Yes	Medium	Good for indoor use
PA	Yes	Yes	Indoor and outdoor use

Fiber Optic Cable Coating Color Codes

Fiber optic cables used in indoor and outdoor areas are often color-coded, in order to indicate the type of fiber used within them. The voltage and stress reduction fiber connector boot, which prevents the fiber end from over bending, is also color-coded to indicate the connection type. In addition the plastic shell of connectors (such as an SC connector) is also typically considered a color-coded jacket.

The standard color codes for jackets or boots are most commonly similar to the b list:

Outer Sheath Coating Color
Color		Description
	Orange	Multi-Mode fiber optic
	Turquoise	OM3 and OM4 10G laser optimized 50/125 μm Multi-mode optic fiber
	Violet	OM4 Multi-mode optic fiber
	Yellow	Single-Mode optical fiber

Commonly Used Fiber Connectors

ST Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	ST
Coupling Mechanism	Twisted on
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	PC, UPC
Fiber Count	1
Typical Applications	LAN
Comment	Switch

FC Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	FC
Coupling Mechanism	Screw
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	PC, UPC, APC
Fiber Count	1
Typical Applications	Data and Telecommunication
Comment	Switch

SC Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	SC
Coupling Mechanism	Pluggable
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	PC, UPC, APC
Fiber Count	1
Typical Applications	CATV, Test , Equipment
Comment	Switch

LC Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	LC
Coupling Mechanism	Pluggable RJ45 style
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	PC, UPC, APC
Fiber Count	1
Typical Applications	Gigabit Ethernet, Video, Multimedia
Comment	Small Form Factor (SFF)

MU Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	MU
Coupling Mechanism	Pushing
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	PC, UPC, APC
Fiber Count	1
Typical Applications	Medical, Military
Comment	Small Form Factor (SFF)

MT-RJ Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	MT-RJ
Coupling Mechanism	Pluggable RJ45 style
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	N/A
Fiber Count	2
Typical Applications	Gigabit Ethernet, Asynchronous transmission Mode (ATM)
Comment	Only Key Aligned coupling

MPO Fiber Optic Connector

Connector Type	MPO/MTP
Coupling Mechanism	Pushing
Fiber Type	Single-mode/Multi-mode
Ferrule Type	N/A
Fiber Count	4, 8, 12, 16, 24
Typical Applications	Active Transceiver, O/E Module Connections
Comment	Only Key Aligned coupling

Raspberry Pi

The Raspberry Pi is a low cost, credit-card sized computer that plugs into a computer monitor or TV, and uses a standard keyboard and mouse. It is a capable little device that enables people of all ages to explore computing, and to learn how to program in languages like Scratch and Python. It’s capable of doing everything you’d expect a desktop computer to do, from browsing the internet and playing high-definition video, to making spreadsheets, word-processing, and playing games.

What’s more, the Raspberry Pi has the ability to interact with the outside world, and has been used in a wide array of digital maker projects, from music machines and parent detectors to weather stations and tweeting birdhouses with infra-red cameras. We want to see the Raspberry Pi being used by kids all over the world to learn to program and understand how computers work.

Raspberry Pi Review

Raspberry Pi Models

We have listed the Raspberry Pi models in order of release date, from the newest to the oldest.

The differences between the models vary according to size, speed or new features added.

**You can review the Raspberry Pi models according to the release date by clicking here

Raspberry Pi Frequently Asked Questions

Where Was The Raspberry Pi Manufactured And Where Does It Originate From?

Raspberry Pi is a product developed and manufactured in the UK.

Can I Buy Raspberry Pi In Turkey?

Yes, it is now available. The product, which was previously only available online in the UK or the US, is now available in Turkey with the assurance of SAMM Technology. You can buy the product by visiting market.samm.com

How Much Does a Raspberry Pi Cost?

Raspberry Pi is known as the world’s cheapest and smallest computer. Prices vary according to Raspberry Pi models. You can review the models on our website.

What Will Come With My Raspberry Pi?

When you purchase the product, you will only receive the Raspberry Pi board. You can also order all other equipment, power adapter, SD card or any other accessories separately from our website.

Can I Run The Raspberry Pi 24/7?

Raspberry Pi is a product suitable for continuous operation. You can use the device 24/7 without interruption without the need to turn it off.

Can I Be a Raspberry Pi Dealer?

Raspberry Pi is produced by the non-profit Raspberry Pi Foundation. It is mainly focused on education for development purposes, so the foundation aims to provide consumers with the product at the most affordable price. Therefore, sales are made with the lowest profit margin. You can send an e-mail to market@samm.com to purchase products from Samm Technology or to become a dealer.

What Are The Dimensions and Weight of Raspberry Pi?

Dimensions and weight may vary according to the models. You can find detailed size and weight information under each product on our website.

Which SoC (System on Chip) is Being Used?

Raspberry Pi 3 uses the Broadcom BCM2837 microchip system. It has a 1.2GHz 64-bit quad-core ARM Cortex-A53 CPU, BroadcomCPU, Broadcom VideoCore IV @ 250 MHz (BCM2837: 3D part of GPU @ 300 MHz, video part of GPU @ 400 MHz).

The Raspberry Pi Zero and Zero W models feature the Broadcom BCM2835 microchip from the early Raspberry Pi models. They have a 1GHz single-core ARM1176JZF-S CPU and the GPU from all versions of Raspberry Pi.

Why ARM Was Preferred?

In terms of price and performance, ARM-based processors are best suited to the Raspberry Pi’s features.

Can I Overclock?

This process, which is done to provide more performance, may cause your CPU to heat up and the system to become unstable. For this reason, this application should be done carefully.

Will the Raspberry Pi System Fail With Intensive Use?

No, The Raspberry Pi has been tested for very intensive processor and graphics use and no problems have been encountered.

Where To Perform Raspberry Pi Boot?

The easiest way to run the Raspberry Pi is to boot the system by booting to the SD Card. You can follow the instructions in the link by clicking here to boot the SD Card.

Where is The On/Off Switch?

To turn on the Raspberry Pi, simply plug it in. It does not have an on-off switch. You can unplug the device after closing your running programs or operating system.

Why Not a Real-Time Clock (RTC)?

Unfortunately, it is very expensive to add an RTC to the system, so it is produced without a battery unit. If you wish, you can add one yourself later with the help of GPIO pins or you can also produce different solutions if you need it in your electronic projects.

You can browse RTC products on our website by clicking here.

Are There Kits We Can Buy and Install Ourselves?

You can find many kits to develop projects with Raspberry Pi. With these, you can drive a motor, set up a 4G internet connection and do many other projects.

You can review the kits on our website by clicking here.

Can I Add Additional Memory?

No, it is not. The memory on the SoC is integrated into the system and cannot be replaced or removed.

How Do I Connect a Keyboard Or Mouse To a Raspberry Pi?

Raspberry Pi 3 model has 4 USB ports. You can provide your connection using the port you want.

How Can I Store The Raspberry Pi, is There a Box?

Raspberry Pi has a licensed box. You can also visit our website by clicking here to browse the boxes produced by various companies.

Which Screen Can I Use?

You can use displays with HDMI or RCA inputs.

Why No VGA Support?

HDMI is available on the Raspberry Pi. You can connect your display with a VGA input with an HDMI to VGA converter.

You can visit our website for VGA products by clicking here..

Can I Add a Touch Screen?

Yes, you can add it. You can connect the Raspberry Pi Licensed Touchscreen to the DSI input on the board. There are Raspberry Pi compatible displays that provide touch capability via USB or GPIO.

You can review the screen models you can use with Raspberry Pi by clicking here..

What is The Temperature Range For Use?

The chips on the Raspberry Pi have different operating temperature ranges. There is no problem in operating at room temperature. The processor temperature is based on 80°C.

Which Operation is Supported?

The official Linux distribution of the Raspberry Pi is the Debian-based Raspbian. But there are also other Linux versions available. You can find the relevant third-party versions by clicking here..

Does The Android Operating System Run on a Raspberry Pi?

There is a version called Android Things where you can develop IoT projects. However, this version is not similar to the version available on phones and tablets. For detailed information, you can visit the Raspberry Pi Android Things page.

Does Windows Run on Raspberry Pi?

You can run a version called Windows 10 IoT on Raspberry Pi to develop IoT projects. However, you will not encounter a standard Windows version. After compiling a program you developed in this version, you will be able to run it on Raspberry Pi. You can find detailed information at Windows IoT Core Official Website.

What Happens If My Device is Locked?

Not boot, we recommend reinstalling your operating system on your SD Card. If you think there is a hardware problem, try replacing the peripherals. If the problem is not solved, you can contact our company.

Does the Device Support Networks? Is Wi-Fi Available?

Raspberry Pi 3 has 10/100 Ethernet and 2.4GHz 802.11n Wireless. You can connect to the internet with either a wired network or a wireless network.

This is different for Raspberry Pi Zero products. If you are using the Zero, you must use a USB-Ethernet product to connect to the internet. The Zero W has 2.4GHz 802.11n Wireless on it. You can connect to the internet wirelessly.

Is it Possible to Increase The Number of USBs?

You can increase the number by using a USB Hub. We recommend using an externally powered Hub to avoid power problems.

You can visit our website for USB Hub by clicking here..

What are ‘Digital Signage’ Systems?

Digital Signage applications have become the most preferred solutions for applications such as advertising, mass information and message display, especially for environments where the content changes frequently.

Such systems are used in open areas, museums, museums, stores, hospitals, hotels, etc., using LCD or projection devices to play photos, videos, music. Thanks to Raspberry Pi, you can remotely manage such content.

Heating Systems

Electric Underfloor Heating FAQ

What is Raychem ?

Raychem, is one of the brand of Tyco International company. Before, Raychem was an independent company and then, was bought by Tyco in 1999. After it is combined with the other brand, it had a wide product range. Raychem, about 30 years, has been symbol of quality and trust in a lot of fields such as telecom, energy, military and structural cabling, computer, medical products. And Tyco is the one of the most important company in the technological field and is a favorite company for its users. Our company is the representative of companies that has large product range such as raychem space heating, shrinkible tubing, special cables, fiber optic termination boxes, corrosion protection brands.

Is Floor Heating a Healthy System?

Yes, because ground can be heated between 25 and 35 degree Celsius. This temperature is ideal for human\’s body temperature. Moreover, there is no risk to be overheated. there is also no smut in this kind of heating. In general, we have seen in homes and particularly the walls of the heating pipe is smutted over time. This is state due to air-flow. Space heating is recommended system to asthma patients because it is uniform on the all ground and does not exceed 35 degree.

Warm heat cool head… People usually get sick more quickly when the cold of feet. Children always play on the ground, so the heating system from a system is very healthy here.

What is The Difference Between Electric Space Heating and Space Heating in Aqueous ?

Because space heating in aqueous ground temperature could be increased up to 60 degree, there is a temperature difference inner side of the house. It is not healthy that the ground temperature is 60 degree. because it causes circulation disorders and bacteria increase.

Is Electrical Space Heating System New System ?

No, but in Turkey it is new. The main reason is for foreigner, the right to acquire property is new in Turkey. Foreigners demanded electrical heating that they used in their country, so In Turkey this application started to be installed after 2000. Scandinavian countries and other European countries, USA, in countries such as Russia, the system is used in different forms since the invention of electricity and last 50 years, the latest technology products and control equipment and cables with the system is most applicable.

Does it Make Sense To Use Electrical Space Heating Instead of Natural Gas?

Actually yes, but In Turkey, every apartment have natural gas installation. This is not an applied method except for Turkey. In countries that have natural gas, in industry regions have co-generation stations that converts natural gas into electric. This system need all streets to be excavated. Moreover this situation is very dangerous because in this system every house has explosive gas. If the gas is cut off because of any reason, the installation investment goes to waste. On the other hand, there are a lot of methods to produce electric(such as thermal, hydroelectric or nuclear stations).

Can Electrical Space Heating Be Applied To Wet Ground ?

Yes, the ideal performance of electrical space heating can be obtained when it is applied on wet grounds or tiles and marbles , because these kinds of ground conduct the heat quickly. Also, marbles and tiles are cold in summer and winter, but if you have electrical space heating, you can step on that ground without slippers.

In Cold Regions (such as Erzurum, Erzincan, Kars, Ardahan, Van, Hakkari, Şırnak), Electrical Does Electrical Space Heating Cost To Expensive ?

No. Electrical space heating systems are preferred in cold countries(Scandinavian countries, Canada, USA) In east Turkey if you set the power amount per meter as 160w/m^2, you can get optimum result.

What Are The Application Prices ?

Electrical space heating systems vary according to design of your home, size of your home and roughly 20-30 EUR / m ^ 2 is such as turn-key cost. In this price, floor insulation, installation, commissioning making, thermostat and everything is included. However, smart and comfortable heating system is applied to the aluminium layer increases the cost of initial set-up, the system itself during the process is paying off. You can contact us for details.

If We Heat Our Home By Electrical Space Heating How Much Do We Pay For This?

The application made in Turkey in the whole house electric bill has not exceeded the payments of natural gas. If electricity and natural gas prices will continue to parallel to each other, this situation won’t change. In Turkey, electricity is expensive, but gas is too expensive.

If Electricity is Cut Off, How Will We Warm Up?

When the electricity cut off, the life is stopped, so the other heating systems stopped too(combi and the others). There is no other method than warming by stove.

Can I Get The Same System Applied To The Ceiling And Wall?

Yes, but you lose the advantages of the space heating. because when you heat the air it gets higher, so it is sensible to warm from the ground.

Is it Safe To Apply Electrical Space Heating To Child Rooms?

Yes. Children play at the ground. For Children, exposure to an electrical shock is not in question. Because there is no cable outside that the children can touch or tamper with. There is only seemingly thermostat. Thermostat is the child lock is available and has a leakage current protection switch. What happens if the children make a hole on the ground by screwdriver or something else?. Nevertheless, not shock, because all the houses board and thermostat have leakage current relay. If you’re sitting in an old house, our technical staff will check the keys for you.

Electric Space Heating Can Be Applied in The Mosque?

Yes. In mosques, there are carpets so over heat isolation, electric heating cables are montaged and closed with the mortar. After this mortar is flatted, carpets can be put over the ground. Because the cables are below 3-4 cm, neat heating can be provided. Also, in the mosque by pure heating can be done, according to the mosque’s occupancy rate of thermostat provides energy savings can be pure-pure work.

In Turkish Baths and Saunas, Can This System Be Applied?

In Turkish baths, we apply it to the under the belly stone and the other marbles. In saunas, it is not an preferable system.

In Winters, Can I Open The Frozen Pipes By Using Raychem Pipe Frozen Prevention Cable?

No. But by using Raychem on pipes you can prevent freezing of water pipes for years. For this, the only thing you should do is, in summer you should get raychem freezing preventive cables to be montaged and isolate these pipes. The cost is very low for this. The system can be automatically controlled, such as freezing occurs from an insurance open / close can be solved by making the fleet of water.

Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)